As an open source project, the Hyperledger Besu team is continuing to focus on building our community. One reason we submitted Hyperledger Besu to Hyperledger was to improve the project’s open source governance using Hyperledger’s best practices and recommendations. The Linux Foundation and Hyperledger have been leaders in establishing open source governance processes for years. Hyperledger uses best practices across its projects, including open communication, tool consistencies, and cross-project technical leadership. The Hyperledger Besu team wanted to take these open source governance learnings a step further to create a process for managing its maintainers.
Why Maintainer Governance is Important
Maintainers of open source projects are the leaders and direction-setters for the projects. They are oftentimes the ones contributing the most code to the project, talking to the community on chat channels, and dedicating time to other community activities, such as working groups or writing documentation. We wanted our process around maintainer governance to reflect the significance of the role within the project. The Besu team researched how other projects and open source foundations performed the maintainer governance.
We found the following examples from other organizations to help inform our decision:
The Apache Foundation: The Apache Foundation has Project Management Committee (PMC) Members, which is their alternative for maintainers. PMC Members are elected due to their commitment to the codebase. The PMC has control over the codebase and are the ones who vote on major releases.
OpenJDK: OpenJDK has a more formal process for adding maintainers, including taking formal nominations for the new maintainer. They hold a one-week nomination period, select a candidate amongst the nominees, and then use a Lazy Consensus vote to vote on the nominee.
Other Hyperledger projects: Currently the Hyperledger projects have different approaches for managing their maintainers. Hyperledger Fabric requires a majority vote of maintainers to add a new maintainer, for example. Hyperledger Indy encourages maintainers to be highly collaborative with other contributors and maintainers.
The Besu Team’s Decision
The Besu team investigated these proven practices with the aim of determining the best option for managing the project’s maintainers. We wanted the process for adding and maintaining maintainers to be as objective and transparent as possible. With this in mind, the team decided to model its maintainer process most closely after the OpenJDK foundation with some additions.
A few key tenants of Besu’s management maintainers include:
A proposed maintainer must have 5 significant changes committed to the codebase
A proposed maintainer must be sponsored by a current maintainer
A proposed maintainer can be vetoed by a current maintainer but a public explanation is required when such vote occurs.
There is a two week window for voting on a proposed maintainer. Voting can end early if an absolute majority is reached.
A current maintainer can also be removed if warranted. The Hyperledger Code of Conduct can be found here.
These requirements help provide clear and direct expectations for the community on how to become a maintainer. We wanted members of the community to know exactly the steps required if becoming a maintainer interested them. We also tried to make the process be conducted in an open and community-friendly manner. It is important to us to make our project approachable with anyone feeling welcome and encouraged to try it out.
Contribute to Hyperledger Besu Now!
It is easy to begin your journey using and contributing to Hyperledger Besu. Check out these resources to help you get started:
Use this QuickStart Tutorial to help you set up a private network on Hyperledger Besu.
ConsenSys startup PegaSys has been working on an Enterprise Ethereum offering, Pantheon, for some time with its first iteration released last year. Yesterday, Hyperledger announced that Pantheon is now a new Hyperledger incubator project, Hyperledger Besu. More here.
Today we are excited to announce Hyperledger Besu as the latest project to join Hyperledger. Hyperledger Besu, a Java-based Ethereum client formerly known as Pantheon, is the first blockchain project submitted to Hyperledger that can operate on a public blockchain. Besu represents the growing interest of enterprises to build both permissioned and public network use cases for their applications.
The project’s design and architecture decisions have been aimed at clean interfaces and modularity, with the goal of making Hyperledger Besu a platform for open development and deployment. Besu is designed to be as modular as possible, with a separation of concerns between consensus algorithms and other key blockchain features, making these components easy to upgrade or implement. By creating clean interfaces between elements within the client (e.g., networking, storage, EVM, etc.), we believe enterprises will have a much easier time configuring Ethereum to meet their needs while also creating opportunities for other Hyperledger projects to integrate and use elements of Besu’s codebase.
What is Hyperledger Besu?
Hyperledger Besu is an open source Ethereum client developed under the Apache 2.0 license and written in Java. It can be run on the Ethereum public network or on private permissioned networks, as well as test networks such as Rinkeby, Ropsten, and Görli. Hyperledger Besu includes several consensus algorithms including PoW, PoA, and IBFT, and has comprehensive permissioning schemes designed specifically for uses in a consortium environment.
What is an “Ethereum Client”?
Hyperledger Besu is one of several Ethereum clients. An Ethereum client is the software that implements the Ethereum protocol. Ethereum clients contain:
An execution environment for processing transactions in the Ethereum blockchain
Storage for persisting data related to transaction execution
Peer-to-peer (P2P) networking for communicating with the other Ethereum nodes on the network to synchronize state
APIs for application developers to interact with the blockchain
What are Hyperledger Besu’s Features?
Hyperledger Besu implements the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA) specification. The EEA specification was established to create common interfaces amongst the various open and closed source projects within Ethereum, to ensure users do not have vendor lock-in, and to create standard interfaces for teams building applications. Besu implements enterprise features in alignment with the EEA client specification.
Hyperledger Besu’s features include:
The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM): The EVM is the Turing complete virtual machine that allows the deployment and execution of smart contracts via transactions within an Ethereum blockchain.
Consensus Algorithms: Hyperledger Besu implements various consensus algorithms which are involved in transaction validation, block validation, and block production (i.e., mining in Proof of Work). They include:
Proof of Authority: Hyperledger Besu implements several Proof of Authority protocols. Proof of Authority consensus protocols are used when participants are known to each other and there is a level of trust between them––in a permissioned consortium network, for example.
IBFT 2.0: In IBFT 2.0 networks, transactions and blocks are validated by approved accounts, known as validators. Validators take turns creating the next block. Existing validators propose and vote to add or remove validators. IBFT 2.0 has immediate finality. When using IBFT 2.0, there are no forks and all valid blocks are included in the main chain.
Clique: Clique is more fault-tolerant than IBFT 2.0. Clique tolerates up to half of the validators failing. IBFT 2.0 networks require greater than or equal to ⅔ of validators to be operating to create blocks. Clique does not have immediate finality. Implementations using Clique must be aware of forks and chain reorganizations occurring.
Proof of Work (Ethash): Proof of Work is used for mining activities on mainnet Ethereum.
Storage: Hyperledger Besu uses a RocksDB key-value database to persist chain data locally. This data is divided into a few sub-categories:
Blockchain: Blockchain data is composed of block headers that form the “chain” of data that is used to cryptographically verify blockchain state; block bodies that contain the list of ordered transactions included in each block; and transaction receipts that contain metadata related to transaction execution including transaction logs.
World State: Every block header references a world state via a stateRoot hash. The world state is a mapping from addresses to accounts. Externally owned accounts contain an ether balance, while smart contract accounts additionally contain executable code and storage.
P2P networking: Hyperledger Besu implements Ethereum’s devp2p network protocols for inter-client communication and an additional sub-protocol for IBFT2:
Discovery: A UDP-based protocol for finding peers on the network
RLPx: A TCP-based protocol for communication between peers via various “sub-protocols”:
ETH Sub-protocol (Ethereum Wire Protocol): Used to synchronize blockchain state across the network and propagate new transactions.
IBF Sub-protocol: Used by IBFT2 consensus protocol to facilitate consensus decisions.
User-facing APIs: Hyperledger Besu provides mainnet Ethereum and EEA JSON-RPC APIs over HTTP and WebSocket protocols as well as a GraphQL API.
JSON-RPC
HTTP JSON-RPC Service
WebSocket JSON-RPC Service
GraphQL
Monitoring: Hyperledger Besu allows you to monitor node and network performance.
Node performance is monitored using Prometheus or the debug_metrics JSON-RPC API method.
Network Performance is monitored with Alethio tools such as Block Explorer and EthStats Network Monitor.
Privacy: Privacy in Hyperledger Besu refers to the ability to keep transactions private between the involved parties. Other parties cannot access the transaction content, sending party, or list of participating parties. Besu uses a Private Transaction Manager to implement privacy.
Permissioning: A permissioned network allows only specified nodes and accounts to participate by enabling node permissioning and/or account permissioning on the network.
What does Hyperledger Besu support?
Hyperledger Besu includes a command line interface as well as HTTP- and WebSocket-based APIs for running, maintaining, and monitoring nodes in an Ethereum network.
The Besu client’s APIs supports typical Ethereum functionalities such as smart contract and dapp development, deployment, and operational use cases. Tools such as Truffle, Remix, and web3j enable these activities. The client implements standard JSON-RPC APIs, making integration with ecosystem tooling simple. The client also supports creating private, permissioned consortium networks.
Hyperledger Besu doesn’t support key management within the client due to security concerns. Instead, you can use EthSigner or any Ethereum-compatible wallet for managing private keys. EthSigner provides access to your key store and signs transactions via tools like Hashicorp Vault and Microsoft Azure.
Smart-contract- and local-configuration-based node and account permissioning are available within Besu. Private transactions are available using zero-knowledge methods in the client (including usage of the Aztec protocol). An off-chain approach requires using Orion, an open source private transaction manager separately developed by PegaSys.
At a high level, the architecture for Hyperledger Besu looks like:
Who is involved in Hyperledger Besu?
PegaSys, the protocol engineering team at ConsenSys, has been the primary contributor and maintainer of the codebase at the core of Hyperledger Besu since its launch in November 2018 as Pantheon. They built this Ethereum client with the goal of lowering barriers to entry for enterprises and maintaining and scaling mainnet. They have developed an active community using and building on the codebase. In addition, there are multiple applications building on top of Besu and consortiums using Besu in production. The PegaSys team is excited to work with the Hyperledger community to continue to strengthen Hyperledger Besu as a platform.
About the Authors
Rob Dawson is Product Lead at PegaSys. Rob has a highly technical background as an IT Developer and Leader with experience in a wide range of technologies including thin and thick clients, agile and heavy methodologies, security and protocols. He also has extensive experience in enterprise software and has led the product development of Hyperledger Besu.
Meredith Baxter is a Blockchain Protocol Engineer at PegaSys. Meredith has 8+ years software engineering experience working in distributed systems and full stack application development. She has worked on Hyperledger Besu since late 2017 when she joined as a member of the project’s founding development team.
Ethereum could become the first public blockchain on Hyperledger – if the open-source consortium’s technical steering committee approves a proposal to adopt the ConsenSys-backed Pantheon project. More here.
